IELTS Task 2 High-Score Model Answers Series: Problem-Solution Essays

Welcome to the third article in our comprehensive IELTS Task 2 series.

Following our previous articles on Opinion Essays and Discussion Essays, this installment focuses on Problem-Solution Essays, a common Task 2 format that tests your ability to identify issues and propose practical solutions. You'll find 10 model answers covering diverse topics, with useful expressions highlighted in bold that you can adapt to various contexts.

 

Understanding Problem-Solution Essays in IELTS Task 2

Problem-Solution Essays typically ask you to:

· "What are the problems and what solutions can you suggest?"

· "What problems does this cause and how can these problems be solved?"

· "Discuss the causes of this problem and suggest possible solutions"

· "What are the reasons for this and what measures can be taken?"

Basic Structure:

1. Introduction: Paraphrase the issue + Indicate you will discuss problems and solutions

2. Body Paragraph 1: Identify and explain the main problems/causes

3. Body Paragraph 2: Propose and explain practical solutions

4. Conclusion: Summarize the problems and solutions + Optional final thought

Key Characteristics:

· Clear identification of specific problems or causes

· Logical explanation of why these are significant issues

· Practical, feasible solutions that address the identified problems

· Clear connection between problems and their corresponding solutions

· Balance between analyzing problems and proposing solutions

To learn more about different IELTS Writing Task 2 formats and how they are assessed, check out our IELTS Writing Task 2 guide.

Useful Expressions for Problem-Solution Essays

Here are transferable expressions organized by function, appearing throughout the model answers below.

Introducing the Problem

One of the most pressing issues facing... is...

A growing concern in modern society is...

Recent years have witnessed a troubling increase in...

There is widespread recognition that...

An increasingly serious problem is...

Society today faces the significant challenge of...

Identifying Multiple Problems

This situation gives rise to several problems

Multiple challenges emerge from this trend

This development has resulted in numerous difficulties

Several significant issues stem from...

The consequences of this are manifold

Explaining Problem Significance

This poses a serious threat to...

The implications of this are far-reaching

This has detrimental effects on...

The severity of this problem cannot be underestimated

This creates a vicious cycle whereby...

Left unaddressed, this problem will...

Introducing Causes

This problem can be attributed to several factors

The root causes of this issue are complex

Various factors contribute to this phenomenon

This stems primarily from...

The underlying reasons for this include...

A combination of factors has led to...

Transitioning to Solutions

To address these challenges, several measures can be implemented

Tackling this problem requires a multi-faceted approach

Various strategies could prove effective in resolving...

Both short-term and long-term solutions are necessary

A comprehensive solution must involve...

To mitigate these problems, it is essential that...

Proposing Solutions

One effective approach would be to...

A practical solution involves...

Governments should implement policies that...

It is crucial that authorities take steps to...

This could be achieved through...

An immediate measure would be to...

Supporting Solutions

This would help to alleviate...

Such measures would significantly reduce...

By doing so, it would be possible to...

This approach has proven successful in...

The effectiveness of this solution is demonstrated by...

Implementation of this policy would result in...

Connecting Solutions to Problems

This directly addresses the issue of...

Such action would counteract...

This measure targets the root cause of...

By implementing this, the problem of... could be minimized

This solution tackles both... and...

Adding Additional Solutions

Furthermore... / Moreover... / Additionally...

Another viable solution is...

In addition to this...

Complementing this approach...

Equally important is...

Acknowledging Challenges

While this solution presents implementation challenges...

Although this may require significant investment...

Despite potential obstacles...

This approach, though demanding...

Admittedly, this solution requires...

Concluding

In conclusion, although this problem is serious...

To summarize, addressing this issue requires coordinated efforts...

Ultimately, resolving this challenge demands...

Only through a combination of... can this problem be effectively tackled

While the solutions proposed are demanding, they are necessary to...

Ten High-Score Model Answers

Example 1: Urban Issues

Topic: Traffic congestion is becoming a serious problem in many cities. What are the causes of this problem and what measures can be taken to solve it?

Model Answer (284 words):

One of the most pressing issues facing urban centers worldwide is traffic congestion, which disrupts daily life and hampers economic productivity. This problem can be attributed to several factors, and tackling this problem requires a multi-faceted approach.

The root causes of this issue are complex. Firstly, rapid urbanization has led to population concentration in cities, resulting in more vehicles on roads designed for smaller populations. Many urban areas lack adequate infrastructure to accommodate this growth. Secondly, over-reliance on private vehicles stems from insufficient public transportation options. When mass transit systems are unreliable, infrequent, or poorly connected, commuters have little choice but to drive personal cars. Additionally, inadequate urban planning has created cities where residential, commercial, and industrial zones are separated, necessitating long commutes. The implications of this are far-reaching, including wasted time, increased pollution, and reduced quality of life.

To address these challenges, several measures can be implemented. One effective approach would be to invest heavily in expanding and improving public transportation networks. Cities should develop comprehensive metro, bus, and light rail systems that provide convenient, affordable alternatives to driving. This would help to alleviate congestion by reducing the number of private vehicles on roads. Furthermore, implementing congestion pricing, where drivers pay fees to enter busy city centers during peak hours, has proven successful in cities like Singapore and London. Such measures would significantly reduce traffic while generating revenue for transportation improvements. Another viable solution is promoting flexible working arrangements, including remote work and staggered office hours, which would distribute traffic more evenly throughout the day.

In conclusion, while traffic congestion presents a significant challenge, a combination of improved public transit, smart pricing policies, and flexible work practices can effectively address this growing problem.

Example 2: Education

Topic: Many students leave school without basic skills in literacy and numeracy. What are the causes of this problem and what solutions can you suggest?

Model Answer (272 words):

A growing concern in modern society is the number of students completing their education without mastering fundamental literacy and numeracy skills. Various factors contribute to this phenomenon, and both short-term and long-term solutions are necessary to address it effectively.

Several significant issues stem from systemic educational weaknesses. Primarily, overcrowded classrooms prevent teachers from providing individualized attention to struggling students. When one teacher manages thirty or more students, identifying and addressing individual learning difficulties becomes nearly impossible. Moreover, inadequate teacher training means many educators lack specialized skills to teach foundational literacy and numeracy effectively, particularly to students with learning challenges. This creates a vicious cycle whereby students fall behind early and never catch up, as subsequent lessons build on unmastered foundations. Additionally, socioeconomic factors play a crucial role—students from disadvantaged backgrounds often lack educational support at home and may face learning-impeding issues such as poor nutrition.

To mitigate these problems, it is essential that educational systems implement comprehensive reforms. A practical solution involves reducing class sizes, particularly in early education years when foundational skills are established. Smaller classes enable teachers to identify struggling students early and provide necessary support. Equally important is investing in specialized teacher training programs focusing on literacy and numeracy instruction methods, including strategies for supporting students with diverse learning needs. Furthermore, schools should establish after-school tutoring programs and homework clubs, providing additional support to struggling students. Complementing this approach, governments must address underlying socioeconomic issues through programs ensuring children from disadvantaged backgrounds receive adequate nutrition, healthcare, and learning resources.

To summarize, addressing this issue requires coordinated efforts across multiple fronts, combining improved teaching practices with broader social support systems.

Example 3: Environment

Topic: Many animal species are becoming extinct. What are the reasons for this and what can be done to prevent this problem?

Model Answer (283 words):

Recent years have witnessed a troubling increase in species extinction rates, with scientists warning of a sixth mass extinction event. The underlying reasons for this include human activities that fundamentally alter natural habitats, and various strategies could prove effective in resolving this crisis.

The primary cause is habitat destruction resulting from agricultural expansion, urbanization, and deforestation. As human populations grow, natural environments are converted into farmland, cities, and industrial zones, leaving wildlife with insufficient space to survive. This poses a serious threat to biodiversity as species requiring large territories or specific ecological conditions cannot adapt. Additionally, climate change is altering ecosystems faster than many species can evolve, disrupting food chains and breeding patterns. Pollution, particularly plastic waste in oceans and chemical contamination of environments, further endangers wildlife. Moreover, illegal wildlife trade and poaching continue despite international regulations, driven by demand for exotic pets, traditional medicines, and luxury goods. Left unaddressed, this problem will result in ecosystem collapse affecting human food security and environmental stability.

To address these challenges, several measures can be implemented. It is crucial that authorities take steps to expand protected areas and wildlife reserves, ensuring sufficient habitat remains for endangered species. Such measures would significantly reduce human-wildlife conflict while preserving biodiversity. Another viable solution is strengthening enforcement of anti-poaching laws and imposing severe penalties on illegal wildlife traders. The effectiveness of this solution is demonstrated by countries like Kenya, where intensified anti-poaching efforts have helped elephant populations recover. Furthermore, international cooperation is essential for addressing transboundary issues such as climate change and migratory species protection. By implementing this, nations can coordinate conservation efforts more effectively.

Ultimately, resolving this challenge demands immediate action combining legal protection, habitat conservation, and global cooperation.

Example 4: Health

Topic: Obesity is becoming a serious problem in many countries. What are the causes of this problem and what measures can be taken to address it?

Model Answer (284 words):

One of the most pressing issues facing developed and developing nations is the rising obesity epidemic, threatening both individual health and healthcare systems. A combination of factors has led to this crisis, and a comprehensive solution must involve coordinated efforts across multiple sectors.

Multiple challenges emerge from modern lifestyle changes. Primarily, increased consumption of processed foods high in sugar, salt, and unhealthy fats has fundamentally altered dietary patterns. These convenience foods are heavily marketed, inexpensive, and readily available despite poor nutritional value. Moreover, sedentary lifestyles have become normalized as work and entertainment increasingly involve screen time rather than physical activity. This stems primarily from urban design that discourages walking, combined with technological advancements reducing physical exertion in daily tasks. Additionally, inadequate nutritional education means many people lack knowledge about healthy eating. The severity of this problem cannot be underestimated, as obesity increases the risk of diabetes, heart disease, and numerous other conditions, creating enormous healthcare costs.

Tackling this problem requires a multi-faceted approach. One effective approach would be to implement sugar taxes on sweetened beverages and unhealthy snacks while subsidizing fresh fruits and vegetables. This has proven successful in countries like Mexico, where sugary drink consumption decreased following taxation. Furthermore, governments should mandate clear nutritional labeling and restrict marketing of unhealthy foods to children. Schools must play a crucial role by incorporating nutrition education into curricula and providing healthy meal options. Another viable solution is redesigning urban environments to encourage physical activity through bike lanes, pedestrian-friendly streets, and accessible parks. Equally important is making physical education compulsory in schools and promoting workplace wellness programs.

In conclusion, although this problem is serious, implementing policies addressing both dietary habits and physical activity levels can effectively combat obesity.

Example 5: Technology & Society

Topic: Many people, especially young people, spend too much time on their phones and other devices. What problems does this cause and what can be done about it?

Model Answer (279 words):

Society today faces the significant challenge of excessive device usage, particularly among younger generations. This situation gives rise to several problems, and various strategies could prove effective in addressing this modern addiction.

The consequences of this are manifold. Firstly, constant device use damages physical health through effects including eye strain, poor posture leading to neck and back problems, and disrupted sleep patterns from late-night screen exposure. The implications of this are far-reaching, as sleep deprivation affects cognitive function, mood regulation, and overall health. Secondly, excessive phone use undermines social skills and genuine human connection. When individuals constantly check devices during conversations and social gatherings, relationships suffer and communication abilities deteriorate. This has detrimental effects on mental health, with research linking heavy social media use to increased rates of anxiety, depression, and low self-esteem, particularly among teenagers comparing themselves to curated online personas. Moreover, academic and professional productivity declines as constant notifications fragment attention.

To mitigate these problems, it is essential that multiple stakeholders take action. A practical solution involves technology companies implementing features that help users monitor and limit screen time. Many devices now include digital wellbeing tools showing usage statistics and allowing scheduled app restrictions. By doing so, it would be possible to raise awareness and facilitate behavioral change. Additionally, schools should establish phone-free policies during class time and educate students about healthy technology relationships. Parents play a crucial role by modeling balanced device use and establishing family rules such as device-free meals and bedrooms. Furthermore, promoting alternative activities like sports, hobbies, and face-to-face social interaction provides healthy substitutes for screen time.

Ultimately, resolving this challenge demands coordinated action from technology companies, educational institutions, families, and individuals themselves.

 

Example 6: Crime

Topic: Youth crime rates are increasing in many countries. What are the causes of this problem and what solutions can you propose?

Model Answer (287 words):

An increasingly serious problem is rising youth crime rates observed across numerous countries. The root causes of this issue are complex, involving social, economic, and educational factors, and tackling this problem requires a multi-faceted approach addressing underlying conditions rather than merely punishing offenders.

Various factors contribute to this phenomenon. Primarily, poverty and economic inequality create environments where crime becomes appealing. Young people from disadvantaged backgrounds often lack legitimate opportunities for advancement and may turn to illegal activities for income. Moreover, family breakdown and inadequate parental supervision leave many youths without proper guidance or positive role models. This stems primarily from factors such as single-parent households struggling financially, parents working multiple jobs, or substance abuse issues within families. Additionally, education system failures result in students disengaging from school, losing structure and purpose. This creates a vicious cycle whereby academic failure limits future prospects, increasing crime likelihood. Peer pressure and gang culture further draw vulnerable youths into criminal activity.

To address these challenges, several measures can be implemented. One effective approach would be to establish comprehensive youth programs providing mentorship, skills training, and recreational activities, particularly in high-risk neighborhoods. Such measures would significantly reduce crime by offering positive alternatives and building self-esteem. It is crucial that authorities take steps to improve educational support systems, including targeted intervention for struggling students and alternative education programs for those failing in traditional settings. Another viable solution is creating employment and apprenticeship opportunities specifically for young people, providing pathways to legitimate careers. Furthermore, strengthening family support services, including parenting programs and counseling, addresses home environment issues contributing to youth crime.

In conclusion, while youth crime presents a serious challenge, early intervention through education, economic opportunity, and family support can effectively reduce offending rates.

 

Example 7: Workplace Issues

Topic: Many employees feel stressed and burnt out at work. What are the reasons for this and what can employers do to solve this problem?

Model Answer (277 words):

A growing concern in modern society is widespread workplace stress and burnout affecting employees across industries. This problem can be attributed to several factors related to contemporary work culture, and both short-term and long-term solutions are necessary to protect employee wellbeing and organizational productivity.

Several significant issues stem from evolving workplace demands. Primarily, increasing workloads and unrealistic expectations create constant pressure. Many organizations expect employees to accomplish more with fewer resources and tighter deadlines, making stress inevitable. Moreover, the blurring of work-life boundaries, particularly since remote work normalization, means many employees feel obligated to respond to messages outside working hours, preventing genuine disconnection from work. This has detrimental effects on mental health as individuals never fully rest or recharge. Additionally, lack of control and autonomy over work tasks and schedules contributes significantly to stress. When employees cannot influence how they accomplish their work, they feel powerless and disengaged. Inadequate recognition and limited career progression opportunities create frustration. Left unaddressed, this problem will result in decreased productivity, increased absenteeism, and high turnover rates.

To mitigate these problems, it is essential that employers implement comprehensive wellbeing strategies. A practical solution involves conducting regular workload assessments and ensuring tasks are distributed reasonably. This would help to alleviate excessive pressure while maintaining productivity. Equally important is establishing clear boundaries regarding after-hours communication, explicitly stating that employees are not expected to respond to messages outside working hours except in genuine emergencies. Another viable solution is increasing employee autonomy by allowing flexible work arrangements and providing discretion in how tasks are completed. Furthermore, implementing recognition programs acknowledging employee contributions improves morale and engagement. 

To summarize, addressing this issue requires coordinated efforts from employers who recognize that employee wellbeing and organizational success are fundamentally interconnected.

Example 8: Social Issues

Topic: Many elderly people live alone and have limited social contact. What problems does this cause and what can be done to address this situation?

Model Answer (270 words):

One of the most pressing issues facing aging societies is social isolation among elderly populations. This situation gives rise to several problems affecting both individual wellbeing and society broadly, and various strategies could prove effective in resolving this growing concern.

The implications of this are far-reaching. Firstly, social isolation severely impacts mental health, significantly increasing risks of depression, anxiety, and cognitive decline. The severity of this problem cannot be underestimated as research shows isolated elderly individuals develop dementia at substantially higher rates than socially connected peers. Secondly, loneliness affects physical health, correlating with increased blood pressure, weakened immune systems, and higher mortality rates. Moreover, isolated elderly people face greater vulnerability to emergencies as they may lack someone to notice health crises or accidents.

To address these challenges, several measures can be implemented. A practical solution involves establishing community programs connecting elderly individuals with each other and with younger generations. Senior centers offering activities, classes, and social events provide regular interaction opportunities. Such measures would significantly reduce isolation while promoting active engagement. Furthermore, implementing "buddy systems" or volunteer visiting programs pairs isolated elderly people with regular visitors who check on them and provide companionship. The effectiveness of this solution is demonstrated by programs in countries like the Netherlands, where organized social initiatives have markedly improved elderly wellbeing. Another viable solution is leveraging technology to facilitate connection—teaching elderly individuals to use video calling and social media helps them maintain relationships with distant family. Equally important is promoting intergenerational programs where elderly people mentor youth.

Ultimately, resolving this challenge demands coordinated community efforts recognizing elderly individuals as valuable members deserving dignity and connection.

Example 9: Housing

Topic: Housing is becoming increasingly unaffordable in many cities. What are the causes of this problem and what measures can be taken to solve it?

Model Answer (289 words):

Recent years have witnessed a troubling increase in housing costs across major cities worldwide, creating affordability crises affecting millions. The underlying reasons for this include multiple economic and policy factors, and a comprehensive solution must involve interventions at various governmental levels.

A combination of factors has led to this situation. Primarily, housing supply has failed to keep pace with demand, particularly in economically vibrant cities attracting workers. Restrictive zoning regulations and lengthy approval processes prevent rapid development of new housing. Moreover, real estate has increasingly become an investment vehicle, with wealthy individuals and corporations purchasing properties for speculation rather than habitation, removing units from the market and inflating prices. Additionally, low interest rates in recent years encouraged property purchasing and borrowing, driving prices upward. Construction costs have also risen substantially due to materials expenses and labor shortages. The implications of this are far-reaching as unaffordable housing forces workers to commute long distances, increases homelessness, and exacerbates inequality.

Tackling this problem requires a multi-faceted approach. One effective approach would be to streamline zoning regulations and approval processes, enabling faster housing development while maintaining safety standards. This would help to alleviate supply shortages driving price increases. It is crucial that authorities take steps to increase construction of affordable housing through subsidies, tax incentives, or direct government development. Another viable solution is implementing restrictions on property speculation, such as vacant property taxes, limits on foreign investment, and regulations on corporate property ownership. Furthermore, rent control measures, while controversial, can provide immediate relief to struggling tenants when implemented carefully.

In conclusion, while housing affordability presents a significant challenge, comprehensive policies addressing both supply and demand factors can make cities more livable.

Example 10: Consumer Culture

Topic: People are buying more products than they need and throwing things away after short use. What are the causes of this problem and what solutions can you suggest?

Model Answer (290 words):

There is widespread recognition that excessive consumption and premature disposal of products represent major environmental and social problems. This problem can be attributed to several factors embedded in modern economic systems, and various strategies could prove effective in promoting more sustainable consumption patterns.

Multiple challenges emerge from contemporary consumer culture. Primarily, planned obsolescence—where manufacturers deliberately design products with limited lifespans—encourages frequent replacement. Technology products particularly exemplify this, with companies releasing new models annually while making repairs difficult or impossible. Moreover, aggressive marketing and advertising constantly create artificial desires for new products, convincing consumers that happiness depends on possessions. This stems primarily from economic systems prioritizing growth over sustainability. Additionally, cheap production costs, often achieved through exploitation of labor in developing countries, make products inexpensive enough that replacing seems more convenient than repairing. This creates a vicious cycle whereby low prices encourage overconsumption while environmental costs remain externalized. Left unaddressed, this problem will result in resource depletion and environmental degradation.

To mitigate these problems, it is essential that governments, businesses, and consumers all modify behaviors. A practical solution involves implementing "right to repair" legislation requiring manufacturers to provide repair manuals, spare parts, and reasonable repair options. This has proven successful in jurisdictions where such laws have extended product lifespans. Furthermore, governments should introduce extended producer responsibility programs, making manufacturers responsible for product disposal and encouraging design for durability. Another viable solution is taxation policies penalizing excessive consumption while incentivizing sustainable practices—higher taxes on new products could be offset by exemptions for repairs and second-hand purchases. Equally important is comprehensive public education campaigns promoting mindful consumption and highlighting environmental costs of disposable culture.

To summarize, addressing this issue requires coordinated efforts fundamentally questioning current economic models and prioritizing sustainability over unlimited growth.

Summary and Next Steps

This article presents 10 high-quality Problem-Solution Essay responses covering diverse topics from urban planning and education to environment and consumer culture. The highlighted expressions demonstrate versatile language patterns for identifying problems, explaining their significance, and proposing practical solutions.

Key Takeaways:

1. Clear problem identification is essential—be specific about what issues exist and why they matter

2. Effective solutions must be practical and directly address the problems identified

3. Logical organization helps readers follow your analysis from problem through to solution

4. Balance between problem explanation and solution proposal shows comprehensive thinking

5. Acknowledging implementation challenges demonstrates realistic understanding while maintaining optimism

How to Use These Expressions:

1. Study the bolded phrases in context to understand their function in problem-solution structure

2. Practice substituting topic-specific vocabulary while maintaining the structural patterns

3. Notice how problems and solutions are connected through clear signposting

4. Create your own example sentences using these frameworks for different topics

5. Gradually integrate these expressions into your writing naturally

Next in Series:

The next article will focus on Advantage-Disadvantage Essays, where you'll learn expressions for weighing benefits against drawbacks and presenting balanced evaluations of trends and developments.

Continue developing your Task 2 skills by practicing regularly with authentic topics and timing yourself to build both quality and speed. Remember that Problem-Solution essays demonstrate your ability to think analytically about real-world issues while proposing constructive responses.